RFID technology introduction RFID radio station management system design and application
Radio Frequency Identification (Radio Frequency Identification, RFID) is a type of automatic identification technology that uses wireless radio frequency for non-contact two-way data communication, and uses radio frequency to read recording media (electronic tags or radio frequency cards). Write, so as to achieve the purpose of identification and data exchange, it is considered to be one of the most promising information technologies in the 21st century. [2]
Radio frequency identification technology uses radio wave non-contact rapid information exchange and storage technology, combines wireless communication with data access technology, and then connects to the database system to achieve non-contact two-way communication, thereby achieving the purpose of identification and used for data exchange. Connect an extremely complex system in series. In the identification system, the reading and writing and communication of electronic tags are realized through electromagnetic waves. According to the communication distance, it can be divided into near-field and far-field. For this reason, the data exchange mode between the read/write device and the electronic tag is also divided into load modulation and backscatter modulation. [2]
Development process
1940-1950: Due to the development and progress of radar technology, RFID technology was derived, and the theoretical basis of RFID was born in 1948. [3]
1950-1960: People began to explore RFID technology, but did not leave the laboratory research. [3]
1960-1970: Related theories continued to develop, and the system began to be used in practice. [3]
1970-1980: RFID technology was continuously updated, product research gradually deepened, and RFID testing began to accelerate further. And realized the application of related systems. [3]
1980-1990: RFID technology and related products were developed and applied in the market, and applications in various fields appeared. [3]
1990-2000: People began to pay attention to the standardization of RFID, and RFID systems can be seen in many areas of life. [3]
After 2000: People generally recognize the importance of standardization issues, and the types of RFID products have been further enriched and developed. Whether active, passive or semi-active electronic tags have begun to develop, related production costs have further decreased, and the application fields have gradually increased . [3]
Today, the technical theory of RFID has been further enriched and developed. People have developed single-chip electronic tags, multi-electronic tag reading, wireless readable and writable, and RFID technology that adapts to high-speed moving objects has continued to develop, and related products have also been developed. Into our lives and began to be widely used. [3]
working principle
The basic working principle of RFID technology is not complicated: after the tag enters the reader, it receives the radio frequency signal sent by the reader, and uses the energy obtained by the induced current to send out the product information stored in the chip (Passive Tag, passive tag or passive tag) ), or the tag actively sends a signal of a certain frequency (Active Tag, active tag or active tag), the reader reads and decodes the information, and then sends it to the central information system for relevant data processing. [4]
A complete RFID system is composed of a reader and an electronic tag, which is a so-called transponder and an application software system. Its working principle is that the reader emits radio wave energy of a specific frequency to The drive circuit sends out the internal data. At this time, the Reader receives and interprets the data in sequence and sends them to the application program for corresponding processing. [4]
Based on the communication and energy sensing methods between the RFID card reader and the electronic tag, it can be roughly divided into two types: inductive coupling and backscatter coupling. Generally, low frequency RFID mostly adopts the first method, while higher frequency mostly adopts the second method. [4]
The reader can be a read or read/write device according to the structure and technology used, and is the information control and processing center of the RFID system. The reader usually consists of a coupling module, a transceiver module, a control module and an interface unit. The reader and the tag generally use half-duplex communication for information exchange, and the reader provides energy and timing to the passive tag through coupling. In practical applications, management functions such as the collection, processing and remote transmission of object identification information can be further realized through Ethernet or WLAN. [4]
component
The complete RFID system consists of three parts: Reader, Tag and data management system. [5]
1. About the reader
The reader is a device that reads the information in the tag or writes the information that the tag needs to store into the tag. Depending on the structure and technology used, the reader can be a read/write device, which is the information control and processing center of the RFID system. When the RFID system is working, the reader sends radio frequency energy in an area to form an electromagnetic field, and the size of the area depends on the transmit power. The tag in the coverage area of the reader is triggered to send the data stored in it, or modify the data stored in it according to the instructions of the reader, and can communicate with the computer network through the interface. The basic composition of the reader usually includes: transceiver antenna, frequency generator, phase-locked loop, modulation circuit, microprocessor, memory, demodulation circuit and peripheral interface composition. [5]
(1) Transceiver antenna: Send radio frequency signal to tag, and receive response signal and tag information returned by tag. [5]
(2) Frequency generator: Generates the operating frequency of the system. [5]
(3) Phase-locked loop: Generate the required carrier signal. [5]
(4) Modulation circuit: Load the signal sent to the tag to the carrier and send it out by the radio frequency circuit. [5]
(5) Microprocessor: Generates the signal to be sent to the tag, decodes the signal returned by the tag, and sends the decoded data back to the application program. If it is an encrypted system, a decryption operation is required. [5]
(6) Memory: store user programs and data. [5]
(7) Demodulation circuit: demodulate the signal returned by the tag and deliver it to the microprocessor for processing. [5]
(8) Peripheral interface: communicate with computer. [5]
2. About electronic tags
The electronic tag is composed of transceiver antenna, AC/DC circuit, demodulation circuit, logic control circuit, memory and modulation circuit. [5]
(1) Transceiver antenna: Receive the signal from the reader and send the required data back to the reader. [5]
(2) AC/DC circuit: Utilize the electromagnetic field energy emitted by the reader, output by the voltage regulator circuit to provide a stable power supply for other circuits. [5]
(3) Demodulation circuit: Remove the carrier from the received signal and demodulate the original signal. [5]
(4) Logic control circuit: decode the signal from the reader, and send back the signal according to the requirements of the reader. [5]
(5) Memory: As a location for system operation and storage of identification data. [5]
(6) Modulation circuit: The data sent by the logic control circuit is loaded to the antenna and sent to the reader after the modulation circuit. [5]
classification
Radio frequency identification technology can be divided into three categories based on the power supply mode of its tags, namely passive RFID, active RFID, and semi-active RFID. [6]
1. Passive RFID.
Among the three types of RFID products, passive RFID is the earliest and most mature, and its application is also the most extensive. In passive RFID, the electronic tag completes the information exchange by receiving the microwave signal transmitted by the radio frequency identification reader and obtaining energy through the electromagnetic induction coil to power itself for a short time. Because the power supply system is omitted, the volume of passive RFID products can reach the order of centimeters or even smaller, and their own structure is simple, the cost is low, the failure rate is low, and the service life is long. But as a price, the effective recognition distance of passive RFID is usually short, and it is generally used for close-range contact recognition. Passive RFID mainly works in the lower frequency bands of 125KHz, 13.56MKHz, etc. Its typical applications include: bus cards, second-generation ID cards, canteen meal cards, etc. [6]
2. Active RFID.
Active RFID has not been around for a long time, but it has already played an indispensable role in various fields, especially in the electronic non-stop toll collection system of highways. Active RFID is powered by an external power source and actively sends signals to the radio frequency identification reader. Its volume is relatively large. But it also has a longer transmission distance and higher transmission speed. A typical active RFID tag can establish contact with a radio frequency identification reader at a distance of 100 meters, with a reading rate of 1,700 read/sec. Active RFID mainly works in higher frequency bands such as 900MHz, 2.45GHz, 5.8GHz, and has the function of simultaneously identifying multiple tags. The long-distance and high efficiency of active RFID make it indispensable in some radio frequency identification applications that require high performance and a large range. [6]
3. Semi-active RFID.
Passive RFID itself does not supply power, but the effective identification distance is too short. Active RFID has a long enough recognition distance, but requires an external power supply and is relatively large. The semi-active RFID is the product of compromise for this contradiction. Semi-active RFID is also called low-frequency activation trigger technology. Under normal circumstances, semi-active RFID products are in a dormant state and only supply power to the part of the tag that holds the data, so the power consumption is small and can be maintained for a long time. When the tag enters the recognition range of the RFID reader, the reader first activates the tag with a 125KHz low-frequency signal in a small range to make it enter the working state, and then transmits information to it through the 2.4GHz microwave. In other words, first use low-frequency signals for precise positioning, and then use high-frequency signals to quickly transmit data. Its general application scenario is: in a large range covered by a high-frequency signal, multiple low-frequency readers are placed in different positions to activate semi-active RFID products. This not only completes the positioning, but also realizes the collection and transmission of information. [6]
Features
Generally speaking, radio frequency identification technology has the following characteristics: [6]
1. Applicability: RFID technology relies on electromagnetic waves and does not require physical contact between the two parties. This allows it to establish a connection regardless of dust, fog, plastic, paper, wood, and various obstacles, and directly complete communication. [6]
2. High efficiency: The read and write speed of the RFID system is extremely fast, and a typical RFID transmission process is usually less than 100 milliseconds. High-frequency RFID readers can even identify and read the contents of multiple tags at the same time, greatly improving the efficiency of information transmission. [6]
3. Uniqueness: Each RFID tag is unique. Through the one-to-one correspondence between the RFID tag and the product, the subsequent circulation of each product can be clearly tracked. [6]
4. Simplicity: The RFID tag has a simple structure, a high recognition rate and simple reading equipment. Especially with the gradual popularity of NFC technology on smart phones, each user's mobile phone will become the simplest RFID reader. [6]
Pros and cons
Advantage
Radio frequency identification technology can be widely used in many industries and fields, and it must have its "excellent".
In terms of its external manifestations, the carrier of radio frequency identification technology generally has the characteristics of waterproof, antimagnetic, and high temperature resistance to ensure that the radio frequency identification technology is stable in application. As far as its use is concerned, radio frequency identification has advantages in real-time update of data, storage of information, service life, work efficiency, and safety. Radio frequency identification can update existing data more conveniently under the premise of reducing human, material and financial resources, making work more convenient; radio frequency identification technology stores information based on computers, etc., up to several megabytes, and can store a large amount of information , To ensure the smooth progress of the work; radio frequency identification technology has a long service life, as long as the staff pay attention to protection when using it, it can be reused; radio frequency identification technology has changed the inconvenience of information processing in the past, and achieved multiple goals at the same time. Identification greatly improves work efficiency; and radio frequency identification is also equipped with password protection, which is not easy to be forged and has high security. The technology similar to radio frequency identification technology is traditional bar code technology. Traditional bar code technology is inferior to radio frequency identification technology in terms of updating data, storing information, service life, work efficiency, and safety, and cannot adapt well to our country. The current needs of social development are also difficult to meet the needs of industries and related fields. [7]
Disadvantage
(1) Insufficient technological maturity. RFID technology has appeared for a short time and is not very mature in technology. Due to the retro-reflective characteristics of UHF RFID electronic tags, it is difficult to apply them to commodities such as metals and liquids. [8]
(2) High cost. Compared with ordinary barcode labels, the price of RFID electronic tags is higher, which is dozens of times that of ordinary barcode labels. If used in large quantities, the cost will be too high, which greatly reduces the enthusiasm of the market to use RFID technology. [8]
(3) The security is not strong enough. The security problem faced by RFID technology is mainly manifested in the illegal reading and malicious tampering of RFID electronic tag information. [8]
(4) Technical standards are not uniform. [8]
Application field
1. Logistics
Logistics warehousing is one of the most potential application areas of RFID. International logistics giants such as UPS, DHL, Fedex, etc. are actively experimenting with RFID technology in order to improve their logistics capabilities on a large scale in the future. Applicable processes include: cargo tracking in the logistics process, automatic information collection, warehouse management applications, port applications, postal packages, express delivery, etc. [9]
2. Transportation
There have been many successful cases in taxi management, bus hub management, and railway locomotive identification. [9]
3. Identification
RFID technology is widely used in personal identification documents because of its fast reading and difficult to forge. Such as the development of the electronic passport project, my country's second-generation ID card, student card and other various electronic documents. [9]
4. Anti-counterfeiting
RFID has the characteristics that it is difficult to forge, but how to apply it to anti-counterfeiting still requires active promotion by the government and enterprises. The applicable fields include the anti-counterfeiting of valuables (tobacco, alcohol, medicine) and the anti-counterfeiting of tickets. [9]
5. Asset management
It can be applied to the management of all kinds of assets, including valuables, items with large quantity and high similarity, or dangerous goods. As the price of tags decreases, RFID can manage almost all items. [9]
6. Food
It can be applied to the management of fruits, vegetables, fresh food and food. The application in this field requires innovation in label design and application mode. [9]
7. Information statistics
With the use of radio frequency identification technology, information statistics has become a simple and fast task. The query software of the archive information management platform sends out the statistical inventory signal, and the reader quickly reads the data information and related storage information of the archives, and intelligently returns the acquired information and the information in the central information database for proofreading. For example, for files that cannot be matched, the manager will use the reader to conduct on-site verification, adjust the system information and on-site information, and then complete the information statistics. [10]
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How far(long) the transmitter cover?
The transmission range depends on many factors. The true distance is based on the antenna installing height , antenna gain, using environment like building and other obstructions , sensitivity of the receiver, antenna of the receiver . Installing antenna more high and using in the countryside , the distance will much more far.
EXAMPLE 5W FM Transmitter use in the city and hometown:
I have a USA customer use 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in his hometown ,and he test it with a car, it cover 10km(6.21mile).
I test the 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in my hometown ,it cover about 2km(1.24mile).
I test the 5W fm transmitter with GP antenna in Guangzhou city ,it cover about only 300meter(984ft).
Below are the approximate range of different power FM Transmitters. ( The range is diameter )
0.1W ~ 5W FM Transmitter ：100M ~1KM
5W ~15W FM Ttransmitter : 1KM ~ 3KM
15W ~ 80W FM Transmitter : 3KM ~10KM
80W ~500W FM Transmitter : 10KM ~30KM
500W ~1000W FM Transmitter : 30KM ~ 50KM
1KW ~ 2KW FM Transmitter : 50KM ~100KM
2KW ~5KW FM Transmitter : 100KM ~150KM
5KW ~10KW FM Transmitter : 150KM ~200KM
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