"------- TV pillage -----
The physical resolution of 4K TV reached 3840 * 2160; 4 times the full HD (FHD.1920 * 1080); 9 times the HD (HD.1280 * 720). 4K technology machine, [1] is a higher resolution of ultra HD display specifications, and 4K name is from its lateral resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels (Pixel). According to the standards defined by the International Communications Union (ITU), 4K resolution is 3840 * 2160, and the aspect ratio is 16: 9. According to this standard, the progressive scan line of the display device can reach 2160 at this specification, that is, the 2160p we often say. At the standard 4K resolution, the total number of pixels can reach 4 times the HD resolution 1920 * 1080. In May 2012, the International Telecom Alliance issued the "Ultra HD TV UHDTV" (or "Ultra HDTV") standard, the physical resolution of the screen reached 3840 × 2160 (4K × 2K) and the above TV call HD TV, the industry is also referred to as 4K TV. 4K is the concept of a projector display resolution. The resolution of the mainstream business education projector is 1024 × 768, while the 720P household projector resolution is 1280 × 800, which can be called 1.3K, and the full HD 1920 × 1080 is defined as 1.9K. Therefore, 4K TV is 4 times the horizontal pixel point of the flat television display resolution to 1024, that is, the resolution is 4096 × 2160. That is to say, a flat-panel TV that reaches this resolution can be collectively referred to as 4K TV. (2 Domestic 4K all standard HDMI interface is currently 1.4 no 2.0 (joint venture brand Samsung, LG, Panasonic is 2.0) that is, 4K video is only 30fps can not be 50 / 60FPS)
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------- H.265 -----
H.265 is a new video coding standard established after ITU-T VCEG followed by ITU-T VCEG followed. H.265 standard around the existing
Video coding standard H.264, reserves the original technologies, and improves some related technologies. New technology uses advanced technology to improve stream, coding quality, delay and
The relationship between algorithm complexity reaches optimization settings. Specific research contents include: increasing compression efficiency and improving
Robust and error recovery capabilities, reduce real-time delays, reduce channel acquisition time and random access delay, reduce complexity, and so on. Since the algorithm optimization, the H265 can be achieved at a speed of less than 1 Mbps, and H265 can realize the transfer of 720P (resolution 1280 * 720) to transmit 720P (resolution 1280 * 720) to transmit the transmission speed of 1 to 2 mbps.
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In August 2012, Ericsson Company launched the first H.265
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The codec, and after six months, ITU (ITU) officially approved the HEVC / H.265 standard, the standard is called
High Efficiency Video Coding, compared to previous H.264 standards have a considerable improvement, China Huawei has the most core patents, which is the leader of the standard.
The H.265 is intended to transmit higher quality network videos under limited bandwidth, and only the original half band width can play the same quality video. This also means that our smartphones, tablets and other mobile devices will be able to play directly online 1080P full HD video.
The H.265 standard also supports 4K (4096 × 2160) and 8K (8192 × 4320) ultra HD video. It can be said that the H.265 standard allows network video to keep up with "high resolution" footsteps.
Maybe in a few months, you can see the device that supports H.265 decoding (such as smartphone, graphics card, etc.). H.264 ruled the past five years, and the next five years or even ten years, H.265 is likely to be mainstream.
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2 transmission code rate
H.263 can achieve standard definition broadcast-level digital television (720 * 576 required for CCIR601, CCIR656 standard); while H.264 is optimized due to algorithm, it can realize digital image transmission at a speed of less than 2Mbps. H.265 High Profile Enables a transport bandwidth below 1.5 Mbps to implement 1080P full HD video transmission.
In addition to the improvement in codec, H.265 is also significantly improved in terms of adaptability of the network, which can be well run under complex network conditions such as Internet.
3 performance improvement
In terms of exercise prediction, the next generation algorithm will no longer follow the "macroblock" screen segmentation method, and may adopt
Object-oriented methods, directly identify the moving body in the picture. In terms of transformation, the next generation algorithm may no longer follow
Fourier transform algorithm, there are many articles in discussion, including everyone to pay attention to the so-called "super-complete transformation", mainly characterized by the MXN transformation matrix, M is greater than n, even far greater than n, and the vector obtained after transformation Big, but there are many 0 elements, after the back
After entropy encoding is compressed, you can get
A stream of compressed rates.
Regarding the computational amount, the compression efficiency of H.264 is more than 1 times higher than that of MPEG-2, and its cost is calculated by at least 4 times, causing high-definition encoding to require 100 gops of peak computing power. Despite this, it is still possible to use the 2013 mainstream IC process and ordinary design technology to design a dedicated hardware circuit that reaches the above capabilities, and its mass production cost is maintained at the original level. After 5 years (perhaps longer), new technologies are accepted as standards, and their compression efficiency should be more than 1 times higher than H.264, and it is estimated that the demand for calculation will still increase more than 4 times. With the rapid advancement of semiconductor technology, it is believed that the mass production cost of the special chip to realize new technologies should not improve significantly. Therefore, 500GOPS may be a new generation of technology for the upper demand of computing power.
4 advantage
The H.265 / HEVC encoding architecture is similar to the architecture of H.264 / AVC, mainly including, intra predetermined, inter-intermediction, transform, Quantization, Deblocking filter, entropy coding, etc.
However, in the HEVC coding architecture, the whole is divided into three basic units, namely: Coding Unit, Cu, predictor (PU), and Transform Unit, TUs, respectively.
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Compared to H.264 / AVC, H.265 / HEVC provides more different tools to reduce the yield, in the coding unit, each macroblock / mb size in H.264 is fixed 16x16 Pixels, and the coding unit of H.265 can choose from the smallest 8x8 to the maximum 64x64.
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The following figure is example, the area of the amount of information (color change is not obvious, such as the red portion of the body and the gray portion of the ground) is large, the encoded code is less, and more than a large place ( The macroblock divided by the tire is much smaller, and the encoded codeword is more, which is equivalent to the encoding of the image, thereby reducing the overall code rate, encoding
Efficiency is improved accordingly.
At the same time, the intra prediction mode of H.265 supports 33 directions (H.264 only supports only 8), and provides better motion compensation processing and vector prediction methods.
Repeated quality comparison tests have shown that under the same image quality, video size encoded by H.265 will be reduced by approximately 39-44% compared to H.264. This data will also have corresponding changes due to differences in quality control measurement.
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Data derived by subjective visual testing,
In the case of 51-74%, the quality of the H.265 encoded video can be approximately better than the H.264 encoding video, which is essentially better than the expected signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR).
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These subjective visual tests have covered many disciplines, including psychology and human eye visual characteristics, and video samples are very broad, although they can't act as
Final conclusion, but this is also very inspiring results.
Subjective visual test comparison with H.265 encoded video, we can see that the latter's code rate is greatly reduced than the former.
There are three modes of HEVC standards as of 2013: Main, Main 10, Main Still Picture. The main model supports 8Bit color depth (ie, 256 chromasings each having a total of 167 million colors), and the main 10 mode supports 10 bit color depth, which will be used in UHDTVs (UHDTV). The top two will limit the color sampling format to 4: 2: 0. It is expected that the standard will be expanded in 2014, which will support 4: 2: 2 and 4: 4: 4 sampling format (ie, a higher color reduction), and multi-view coding (such as 3D stereo video coding) .
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In fact, the H.265 and H.264 standards have some overlap in various functions, for example, the Hi10P part in the H.264 standard supports 10 bit color deep video. Another part of the H.264 (Hi444PP) can also support 4: 4: 4 chroma sampling and 14bit color depth. In this case, the difference between H.265 and H.264 reflects that the former can use fewer bandwidth to provide the same function, the price is the device computing power: H.265 encoded video requires more computing power To decode.
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There is already a chip that supports H.265 decoding - Brahma BCM7444 chip released in the CES exhibition in early January 2013, which is a quad-core processor with 28 nano-processes, can transfer simultaneously Four 1080p video data streams, or H.265 encoded ultra HD video with a resolution of 4096 × 2160.
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As of 2013, cable TV and digital television broadcasting mainly used MPEG-2 standards. Good news is,
The introduction of the H.265 standard can ultimately convince the radio and television company to give up the old MPEG-2, because the same content, H.265 can reduce the bandwidth consumption of 70-80%. This can easily support full HD 1080P broadcast under existing bandwidth conditions. But on the other hand, there are very few reasons for innovation, because most cable companies face the competition in their target market. For the purpose of saving bandwidth, it is possible to take the lead in using H.265 standard.
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From a long-term perspective, the H.265 standard will become 4K and 4K, which is ultra HDTV (UHDTV).
8K resolution options, but this will also bring other questions, such as the very few video content of native 4K resolution in 2013. The completion of the H.265 standard means that the content owner has a corresponding theoretical standard in 2013, but they have no unified way in 2013.
Summit (SD), HD (HD) and
8K resolution ultra HD (UHD) video size comparison diagram
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The Blu-ray Disc Association is studying a method of supporting 4K resolution video in the Blu-ray CD standard, but this is not that simple. In theory, H.264 can have this feature after the extension, but it will come out that the synchronization problem will come out again. A H.264 encoded 4K blue movie requires a storage space much higher than the H.265 version of the same content, and its size can be up to 100G, and the existing player does not support 100-128GB high-capacity can be burned. CD (BDXL).
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So far, there is still no proper solution that adds 4K resolution video to existing blue standards and does not destroy their compatibility. Although updated to H.265 standard does not need to improve the disc manufacturing process, it is necessary to make a new player to play new Blu-ray discs. Although some players on 2013 can play high-density discs, but that Equipment is also required to check the upgrade.
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Another big problem is the support of the game host on the H.265 standard. Sony's PS2 and PS3 hosts have driven the development of DVD and Blu-ray standards, and the upcoming PS4 is theoretically likely to support 4K resolution content, but how to transfer 4K resolution video, which standards are supported? This is still in discussion.
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At present, we still need to be cautious and optimistic about H.265 / HEVC standards. However, it is certain that the H.265 standard will significantly reduce bandwidth consumption in the same quality, with H.265, HD 1080P TV broadcast and 4K video network playback will not be difficult, but the premise is Sony or other media The giant can come up with a way to transfer these content. At the same time, if the mobile device needs to use the H.265 standard, it is also a problem that the high consumption of power when decoding the video is also a problem that major manufacturers need to solve.
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