"At the" 5g network innovation seminar "held recently, Wu Hequan, academician of the Chinese Academy of engineering, comprehensively combed and read the 5g industrial chain - chip, terminal, base station, network, application, chip design tool software, chip OEM line, instrumentation, operating system, etc.
He pointed out that 5g is an ecosystem competition. In terms of chip industry and operating system, China is relatively weak as a whole, but in terms of terminals and base stations, China's industrial chain is in a good position“ China needs to make up the short board. For example, the chip side cannot be stuck. The United States' crackdown on Huawei is unreasonable. When it finds that it can't beat Huawei technically, it begins to play politics. The ultimate goal is to restrict China's high-tech development. "
"5g is the concentrated embodiment of the new technology of network development. It is not only a ten-year generation of mobile communication technology, but also a commanding height of contemporary high and new technology. 5g is a rare opportunity for China's scientific, technological and economic development, but the international competition around 5g technology and industry is also a severe challenge to us. 5g innovation should always be on the road. " Wu Hequan said.
Chip is the most important part of 5g industrial chain
According to the report, the global IC sales in 2018 was $468.8 billion, and the IC produced in the United States was about $230 billion, accounting for 50% of the world. China's imports account for 2 / 3, about half of which are for domestic use, accounting for 1 / 3 of the global market, while China's IC production accounts for only 7.9% of the world.
At present, the baseband modulation and demodulation chips of 5g terminals that have been released in the world include Huawei Balong 5g01, Qualcomm x55 (simple 5g), MediaTek (5g SOC), Samsung exynos 5100, zhanrui chunteng 510, ZTE, etc. 5g terminal application processor chips: Huawei has Kunpeng 920, Qualcomm has Xiaolong 855, MediaTek has Helio M70, etc. 5g terminal RF chip can be provided in China in the frequency band below sub 6GHz, but the challenge of millimeter wave band is severe. For base station chips, Huawei has Tiangang chips. In addition, ZTE and other domestic enterprises also have the ability to develop 5g base station chips.
In terms of EDA tool software for chip design, Wu Hequan pointed out that modern integrated circuits are becoming more and more complex. Chip design requires EDA software tools to convert functions into circuits and layouts and simulate performance. It requires an in-depth understanding of the system and OEM line process.
According to reports, the world's major chip EDA companies are cadence, Synopsys and mentor graphics. The first two are American companies. Mentor was acquired by Siemens, but its headquarters are still in the United States. In other words, the whole industry is monopolized by the United States.
In addition, electronic circuit simulation is a software tool for semiconductor process simulation and device simulation, mainly solido design EDA software of the United States, which is used for change sensing Design of memory, analog / RF and standard units for Canadian companies. Huawei and domestic enterprises engaged in chip design need to pay fees to the above companies to obtain use authorization.
Wu Hequan said that the "supply interruption" in the United States makes the above EDA companies no longer provide technical support and upgrade authorization to Huawei, but the authorized software can continue to be used. Huawei's experience can upgrade EDA software by itself. However, generally, the OEM line will adjust the process with the EDA upgrade, and Huawei's self upgrade does not necessarily get the cooperation of the OEM line.
In terms of architecture authorization (ARM) of chip processor design, chip processor architecture includes Intel x86 architecture, arm based architecture, MIPs, PowerPC, open source risc-v, etc., but it is mainly x86 and arm. The former has advantages in high-density computing and is suitable for PC and server; The latter is small and power-saving, and is suitable for the architecture of mobile phone chip processor. The IP authorization of arm is divided into three levels: use level, core level, core architecture / instruction set level, that is, available, additive and changeable.
It is reported that Huawei has the permanent authorization of arm V8 "architecture / instruction set level", including instruction set architecture, microprocessor, graphics core, interconnection architecture and other functional modules. It can greatly transform the arm architecture, and even expand and reduce the arm instruction set. It has the ability to design processors completely independently.
"However, arm was acquired by Softbank of Japan and headquartered in the UK. Although there are R & D centers in Texas and California, they are still controlled by the United States, that is, arm can not provide technical support to Huawei, but fortunately, Huawei has the ability to self upgrade the architecture of arm. "
Wu Hequan pointed out that each new generation of instruction set evolved by arm will basically be verified by TSMC, and EDA company will also provide corresponding development kits. If Huawei wants to upgrade itself, it must consider whether EDA tools and TSMC's process can cooperate.
From the perspective of IC OEM line, 5g terminal chips adopt 7Nm process for the first batch of chips due to the requirements of circuit complexity and heating, and 5nm will be adopted next year. However, at present, China's SMIC 14nm process can basically be mass produced, but it still needs a mature process. Importing more advanced OEM lines is not only expensive, but also subject to the embargo of Wassenaar agreement.
According to the U.S. export administration regulations, in principle, if more than 25% of the goods sold by third-party countries or regions to enterprises listed in the entity list contain parts and software from U.S. enterprises, even as long as there are U.S. product ingredients, they will become the object of control.
Wu Hequan said that the streaming of smart phone chips from mainland enterprises basically went to Taiwan's TSMC. After the review of top law firms in the United States, TSMC believes that it does not need to include the production line equipment. It only evaluates the technical sources of IP, software, design tools and semiconductor materials for production, and confirms that the technology from the United States is less than 25%. Therefore, Huawei's streaming is not controlled.
"However, the United States has not acted in accordance with the rules of the game, and it is unclear what excuse it will use to obstruct it." Wu Hequan said frankly.
In terms of 5g terminals, 5g terminals include mobile phones, VR / AR helmets, glasses, vehicle terminals, sensor terminals, etc. The large bandwidth of 5g is suitable for watching HD video on a large screen, but it is convenient to carry. Therefore, the folding screen came into being. With the help of Hongmeng OS, the mobile phone screen can be projected onto the smart screen.
In terms of smartphone operating system, at present, the smartphone operating system is mainly Apple's IOS and Google's Android. Microsoft's windows 10 mobile has withdrawn from the mobile operating system market.
It is reported that Apple's IOS system is only used by Apple terminals. Each app developer needs to pay an annual membership fee of $99 to apple before putting the app on the shelves for sale. After that, Apple will draw 30% of each sales, which is called "Apple tax". At present, Android accounts for 82% of the market, but Android open source is only some basic applications, and enhanced applications, namely Google mobile services, need to be licensed.
According to the requirements of the U.S. government, Google stopped authorizing Huawei's GMS. Although Huawei still uses AOSP, it has no impact on domestic users, but only loses technical support, but overseas users will be greatly affected because there is no GMS service.
It is reported that based on Huawei's successful self-developed operating system Hongmeng, the app on Android can move to Hongmeng with one click, and the fluency of third-party applications can be improved by 60%.
In terms of intelligent terminal production line, the largest OEM line for Huawei's products is the US funded Flextronics company in Zhuhai, which is responsible for and assembly during procurement and settlement with Huawei in the form of single board or complete machine. Orders from Huawei are up to $2.5 billion a year. However, the day after Huawei was listed as an entity, Flextronics announced that it would stop OEM for Huawei and withheld Huawei's production materials and equipment worth about 700 million yuan for one month. Now it has been kicked out of the supply chain by Huawei.
It is reported that another OEM of Huawei is Foxconn. After the entity list incident, Foxconn has stated that it is willing to withdraw from China for apple. BYD, which is also a foundry, has also undertaken many domestic mobile phone OEM businesses, and in terms of production capacity, BYD does not lose to Foxconn. Huawei used to have its own OEM line, Huawei machines, which undertook 10-15% of the processing and production tasks. Now, at the critical moment, Huawei has begun to expand its scale and production capacity.
In terms of 5g base station chips, Chinese enterprises have also made great progress. The baseband processor chip Tiangang of Huawei 5g base station has an operating frequency of 2.6GHz, a bandwidth of 200MHz and a single chip 64 channel beam. Compared with 4G base stations, the computing power is increased by 2.5 times and the size of the base station is reduced by 50%; Weight decreased by 23%; Reduce power consumption by 21%; Installation time reduced by 50%.
It is reported that in the future, the number of 5g base stations will be 4-5 times that of 4G, that is, 15-20 million. China Mobile plans to build more than 50000 5g base stations in more than 50 cities in China in 2019 and cover all prefecture level cities in 2020. By June 2019, Huawei had signed 5g base station supply contracts with 51 networks in 30 countries, and shipped more than 150000 base stations.
China's rise meets challenges
On June 6, 2019, the Ministry of industry and information technology issued 5g license. Wu Hequan revealed that by the end of 2019, more than 40 cities in China will open 5g commercial services, and the three operators will build 80000-100000 base stations. In 2020, hundreds of cities in China will have commercial 5g, and the number of Acer stations will reach 600000-800000. After 2021, 5g commercial operators will focus on cities, counties and developed towns. At that time, operators will build millions of macro base stations and tens of millions of small base stations.
In December 2018, the Ministry of industry and information technology issued a nationwide 5g midsole frequency band test frequency for the three major operators. In addition, 24.75-27.5ghz and 37-42.5ghz frequency bands can be used for R & D tests. In the sub6ghz band, China Mobile has 260MHz, but the peak rate is only 5gpbs. China Telecom and China Unicom only get 100MHz, and their peak rate is lower. 5g peak 20gbps needs to work in millimeter wave band. However, the problem is that the frequency coordination in millimeter wave band is difficult, and the devices are also facing severe challenges.
In terms of patents, ICT enterprises have the largest number of international PCT patents, especially mobile communication product suppliers, which shows that today's mobile communication is the industry with the most fierce intellectual property competition. By the end of 2018, Huawei had obtained 87805 authorized patents worldwide, including 11152 authorized patents in the United States. Over the past 30 years, Huawei has paid US $6 billion in patent fees, accounting for 80% in the United States, more than US $1.4 billion.
According to the report released by German patent company, as of April 2019, among the necessary patents (SEP) written in 5g standard, China has the world's leading 5g core patents. There are about 60000 global 5g authorized patents, including sep10359 written in the standard. Huawei led with 1554 patents, accounting for 15% of Sep15. Chinese enterprises such as Huawei, ZTE and Datang account for 34% of SEP, leading the world. In the 3G era, China accounted for only 7% of global SEP and 20% in the 4G era.
Wu Hequan said that 5g is a place for high-tech strategy. The report "fifth generation telecommunications technology: issues submitted to Congress" released by the Congressional Research Bureau in January 2019 shows that the leading position of the United States in 4G has brought nearly $100 billion to the economy. Trump said in September 2018 that 5g could create 3 million new jobs, stimulate $275 billion in private investment and generate $500 billion in economic income growth.
Because of this, the United States will impose sanctions on Chinese enterprises one after another. In April 2019, Huawei's equipment was sent to the laboratory designated by the British Supervisory Committee for testing. The conclusion was that Huawei did not intentionally add security vulnerabilities or backdoors, but only found defects in the software engineering process scheme, and Huawei immediately improved it. The United States knows that it cannot reach Huawei technically. In May 2019, the United States and other 32 countries came up with the "5g Prague proposal", which should consider the overall risks brought by the supplier's ownership, especially the risks brought by the governance model of the country to which it belongs.
On May 15 local time, trump signed a decree declaring a state of national emergency, prohibiting the provision of telecommunications equipment and services to companies owned or controlled by "foreign opponents". The US Department of Commerce included Huawei and 68 companies outside the United States in the list of entities. According to the U.S. export administration regulations, if some parts and software of U.S. enterprises account for more than 10% or 25% of the goods in other countries, they will become the object of control. In May 2019, the US Secretary of state said that 5g must conform to the Western value system. In July 2019, the U.S. Department of Commerce issued licenses for businesses with Huawei that "will not pose a threat to the U.S. country", but Huawei is still on the entity list.
In this regard, Huawei has used its strength to resist pressure. In 2018, Huawei had 33 suppliers in the United States, 25 in China, 11 in Japan, 10 in Taiwan, and 13 in other regions or countries, totaling 92. The purchase amount reached US $70 billion, of which the United States accounted for 16%.
For chip outage, Huawei has inventory for 6-9 months; A variety of high-end chips have been self-developed; There are other suppliers at the low end; The arm and EDA software used for chip design has been authorized. Although it does not get upgrade support, Huawei is also competent. When the operating system is out of service, the original authorized basic Android operating system is still available. Huawei has an ark compiler and can cooperate with a third-party application store; At the same time, the "Hongmeng" operating system developed by Huawei is also very capable.
Among international standardization organizations, standardization organizations registered in the United States such as WiFi, SD, JEDEC, usb-if and pci-sig suspended Huawei's participation. IEEE does not allow Huawei experts to review the draft. However, this approach will not make Huawei lose its leading position in technology, and other domestic units can also affect international standards.
Wu Hequan frankly said that China still faces many challenges if it wants to rise. China's China one belt, one road, 5G, digital finance and RMB internationalization will be built by Trump, the campaign adviser, the nineteen major report of the ban on agriculture. To curb China's five aspects of development, China will create 2025, one belt and one road, digital finance and RMB internationalization. Bannon recently said that killing Huawei is ten times more important than reaching a Sino US agreement.
Recently, the United States has successively provoked a trade war, sanctioned ZTE and blocked Huawei in the name of security. In essence, it wants to stifle the development of China's high-tech industry and hold China in the stage of low-quality development.
At the same time, the development of the Internet in the EU lags behind. The EU plans to tax large digital companies, give the location of users rather than the headquarters, calculate the turnover rather than the income according to the number of users, and the tax rate is 1% - 5%. This restricts both the United States and Chinese enterprises from entering the EU.
In May 2018, the European general data protection act officially came into force, involving the protection of personal privacy data. This law is also applicable to data controllers and processors outside the EU. The maximum administrative penalty for general violations is 10 million euros, or 2% of the company's global business volume in the previous fiscal year, which will be doubled for serious violators.
Wu Hequan frankly said that the "entity list" and other events highlight the importance of industrial ecology to 5g. Therefore, we should not only innovate independently, but also adhere to reform and opening up to create a safe and controllable 5g industrial ecology“
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