"H.264（MPEG）-4AVC
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H. 264 or MPEG-4 Part 10, advanced video coding (MPEG-4 AVC) is a block based motion compensated video compression standard. As of 2014, it is one of the most commonly used formats for recording, compressing and distributing video content. 1 it supports resolutions up to 8192 × 4320, including 8K UHD. two
H. The purpose of the 264 / AVC project is to create a standard that can provide good video quality at a much lower bit rate than previous standards (i.e., half or less of the bit rate of MPEG-2, H.263 or MPEG -). 4 Part 2), which does not increase the complexity of the design so that it is impractical or too expensive to implement. Another goal is to provide sufficient flexibility to enable the standard to be applied to various applications on various networks and systems, including low and high bit rate, low and high resolution video, broadcasting, DVD storage, RTP / IP packet network and ITU-T multimedia telephone system. H. 264 standard can be regarded as a "standard family" composed of many different configuration files. A particular decoder decodes at least one but not necessarily all profiles. The decoder specification describes which configuration files can be decoded. H. 264 is commonly used for lossy compression, although it is also possible to create a true lossless coding area in a lossy coded image, or to support a rare use case of lossless coding of the whole.
H. 264 was developed by ITU-T video coding expert group (VCEG) and ISO / IEC JTC1 moving picture expert group (MPEG). The project partnership is called the joint video team (JVT). ITU-T H.264 standard and ISO / IEC MPEG-4 AVC Standard (formally, ISO / IEC 14496-10-mpeg-4 Part 10, advanced video coding) are jointly maintained so that they have the same technical content. The final drafting of the first edition of the standard was completed in May 2003, and various extensions of its functions were added in subsequent editions. Efficient video coding (hevc), i.e. h.265 and mpeg-h Part 2, are the successors of h.264/mpeg-4 AVC developed by the same organization, while early standards are still widely used.
The most famous H.264 may be one of the video coding standards of Blu ray disc; All Blu ray disc players must be able to decode H.264. It is also widely used by streaming media Internet resources, such as videos from Vimeo, youtube and iTunes Store, network software such as Adobe Flash player and Microsoft Silverlight, as well as various HDTV broadcasts (ATSC, ISDB-T, DVB-T or DVB-T2), cables (DVB-C) and satellites (DVB-S and DVB-S2) on the ground.
H. 264 protected by patents owned by each party. Licenses covering most (but not all) patents necessary for H.264 are managed by the patent pool MPEG la. 3. The commercial use of patented H.264 technology requires paying royalties to MPEG La and other patent owners. MPEG La allows free use of H.264 technology to provide streaming Internet video for end users. Cisco Systems pays royalties to MPEG La on behalf of its open source H.264 encoder binary users.
name
H. 264 name follows ITU-T naming convention, which is a member of H.26X series VCEG video coding standard; The MPEG-4 AVC name is related to the naming convention in ISO / IEC MPEG, where the standard is part 10 of ISO / IEC 14496, which is a standard suite called MPEG-4. The standard was jointly developed in the partnership between VCEG and MPEG. Previously, a VCEG project called H.26L was carried out in ITU-T. Therefore, the standard is usually referred to by names such as h.264/avc, AVC / H.264, h.264/mpeg-4avc or MPEG-4 / H.264 AVC to emphasize the common heritage. Sometimes, it is also called "JVT codec", referring to the joint video group (JVT) organization that developed it（ Such partnerships and multiple naming are not uncommon. For example, the video compression standard called MPEG-2 also stems from the partnership between MPEG and ITU-T, in which MPEG-2 video is called h.262 by ITU-T community. 4) Some software programs, such as VLC media players, internally identify this standard as avc1.
history
In early 1998, the video coding expert group (vceg-itu-t sg16 Q.6) issued a solicitation of proposals for a project called H.26L. Its goal is to double the coding efficiency (which means halving the required bit rate) to a given fidelity level compared with any other existing video coding standards for various applications. VCEG is chaired by Gary Sullivan (Microsoft, formerly picturetel). The first draft design of the new standard was adopted in August 1999. In 2000, Thomas Wiegand (Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany) became the co chairman of VCEG.
In December 2001, VCEG and the moving picture expert group (mpeg-iso / IEC JTC 1 / SC 29 / WG 11) formed a joint video group (JVT), whose charter finalized the video coding standard[ 5] The specification was formally approved in March 2003. The JVT was chaired by Gary Sullivan, Thomas Wiegand and Ajay luthra (Motorola, USA: later arris, USA). The fidelity scope extension (FRExt) project was finalized in June 2004. From January 2005 to November 2007, JVT is working to extend h.264/avc to scalability through attachment (g) called scalable video coding (SVC). The JVT management team was expanded by Jens Rainer ohm (University of Aachen, Germany). From July 2006 to November 2009, JVT launched multi video coding (MVC), which is an extension of h.264/avc to free view TV and 3D TV. This work includes the development of two new standard profiles: multiview high profile and stereo high profile.
The standardization of the first version of h.264/avc was completed in May 2003. In the first project to extend the original standard, the JVT subsequently developed the so-called fidelity range extensions (FRExt). These extensions enable higher quality video coding by supporting higher sampling bit depth accuracy and higher resolution color information, including sampling structures called y'cbcr 4:2:2 (= YUV 4:2:2) and y'cbcr 4:4: 4. Other functions are included in the fidelity range extensions project, such as 4 × 4 and 8 × 8 adaptive switching between integer transforms, perception based quantization weighting matrix specified by the encoder, efficient inter picture lossless coding and support for additional color space. The design of fidelity range extensions was completed in July 2004 and its drafting was completed in September 2004.
Recent further extensions of the standard include the addition of five other new profiles [which?] It is mainly used for professional applications, adding support for extended gamut space, defining additional aspect ratio indicators, defining two other types of "supplementary enhancement information" (post filter prompt and tone mapping), discarding one of the previous FRExt profiles (high 4:4:4 profile), industry feedback [who?] Instructions should be designed differently.
The next major feature added to the standard is scalable video coding (SVC). It is specified in Annex g of h.264/avc that SVC allows the construction of bitstreams containing sub bitstreams that also comply with the standard, including one such bitstream called "base layer", which can be decoded by h.264/avc codec that does not support SVC. For time bitstream scalability (i.e., there is a sub bitstream with a smaller time sampling rate than the main bitstream), the complete access unit is removed from the bitstream when the sub bitstream is derived. In this case, the high-level syntax and the inter prediction reference picture in the bitstream are constructed accordingly. On the other hand, for spatial and quality bitstream scalability (i.e., there are sub bitstreams with lower spatial resolution / quality than the main bitstream), nal (network abstraction layer) is removed from the bitstream when the sub bitstream is exported. In this case, inter layer prediction (i.e., predicting a higher spatial resolution / quality signal from the data of a lower spatial resolution / quality signal) is usually used for effective coding. The scalable video coding extension was completed in November 2007.
The next major feature added to the standard is multi view video coding (MVC). As specified in Appendix h of h.264/avc, MVC enables the construction of bitstreams representing more than one view of a video scene. An important example of this function is stereo 3D video coding. In MVC work, two configuration files are developed: multiview high profile supports any number of views, and stereo high profile is designed for two view stereo video. The expansion of multiview video coding was completed in November 2009.
application
More information: list of video services using h.264/mpeg-4 AVC: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_ of_ video_ services_ using_ H.264/MPEG-4_ AVC
H. 264 video format has a very wide range of applications, covering all forms of digital compressed video from low bit rate Internet streaming media applications to HDTV broadcasting and almost lossless coding digital film applications. By using H.264, 50% or more bit rate can be saved compared with MPEG-2 Part 2. For example, it is reported that the digital satellite TV quality provided by H.264 is the same as that of the current MPEG-2 implementation, and the bit rate is less than half. The current MPEG-2 implementation rate is about 3.5 Mbit / s, and H.264 is only 1.5 Mbit / s[ 23] Sony claims that the 9 Mbit / s AVC recording mode is equivalent to the image quality of HDV format, which uses about 18-25 Mbit / s[ 24]
In order to ensure the compatibility and trouble free adoption of h.264/avc, many standards organizations have modified or added to their video related standards so that users of these standards can use h.264/avc. Both Blu ray Disc format and discontinued HD DVD format take h.264/avc high profile as one of the three forced video compression formats. The digital video broadcasting project (DVB) approved the use of h.264/avc for radio and television at the end of 2004.
The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards body in the United States approved h.264/avc for broadcast television in July 2008, although the standard has not been used for fixed ATSC broadcasting in the United States[ 25] [26] it is also approved for the latest atsc-m / h (mobile / handheld) standard, using the AVC and SVC parts of H.264[ 27]
CCTV (closed circuit television) and video surveillance markets have incorporated this technology into many products.
Many common digital SLR cameras use H.264 video contained in the QuickTime mov container as the native recording format.
Derived format
AVCHD is a high-definition recording format designed by Sony and Panasonic, using H.264 (compliant with H.264, while adding other application specific functions and constraints).
AVC intra is an intra only compression format developed by Panasonic.
Xavc is a recording format designed by Sony. It uses level 5.2 of h.264/mpeg-4 AVC, which is the highest level supported by the video standard[ 28] [29] xavc can support 4K resolution (4096) × 2160 and 3840 × 2160), up to 60 frames per second (FPS)[ 28] [29] Sony announced that the cameras supporting xavc include two cinealta cameras - Sony pmw-f55 and Sony pmw-f5[ 30] Sony pmw-f55 can record xavc, 4K resolution of 30 FPS, speed of 300 Mbit / s, 2K resolution of 30 FPS, 100 Mbit / s[ 31] xavc can record 4K resolution at 60 FPS and perform 4:2:2 chroma sub sampling at 600 Mbit / s[ 32] [33]
Derived format
AVCHD is a high-definition recording format designed by Sony and Panasonic, using H.264 (compliant with H.264, while adding other application specific functions and constraints).
AVC intra is an intra only compression format developed by Panasonic.
Xavc is a recording format designed by Sony. It uses level 5.2 of h.264/mpeg-4 AVC, which is the highest level supported by the video standard[ 28] [29] xavc can support 4K resolution (4096) × 2160 and 3840 × 2160), up to 60 frames per second (FPS)[ 28] [29] Sony announced that the cameras supporting xavc include two cinealta cameras - Sony pmw-f55 and Sony pmw-f5[ [30] Sony pmw-f55
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