"We list the dangerous technical products with" neck sticking "in these reports and the leading or even monopoly countries one by one as follows, and add comments to analyze the specific gap between China and each item.
In response to the previous comments about China, there has been a wave of "blowing China up" (expressing a feeling without derogatory meaning) in domestic public opinion in recent years. Until the ZTE incident, there has been another wave of reflection.
We can discuss the strategy of publicity. In the west, the theory of China threat and the theory of bad mouthing China also coexist for a long time. Under different agenda settings, public opinion is in a dynamic process, and it is normal to swing back and forth. Propaganda should talk about feelings without fooling - this is a high goal, worth pursuing and very difficult to achieve.
Whether or not to use the strategy of "making a fortune quietly", there is no great controversy that China should understand itself realistically and objectively judge the world. It has its own account in mind, so let's analyze this series of reports in science and technology daily.
We list the dangerous technical products with "neck sticking" in these reports and the leading or even monopoly countries one by one as follows. At the same time, we add comments to analyze the specific gap between China and each item:
High end display OLED production equipment vacuum evaporation machine (Japan)
——China's flat panel display has become the world's first, with the gap in the upstream core production equipment
"LCD bone" microspheres (Japan)
——China's manufacturing technology is advanced, but the impure domestic raw materials affect the properties of microspheres
Ito targets for manufacturing LCD (Japan, Korea)
——The quality is unstable and the materials do not pass the standard. Only from the laboratory to mass production can we break through the large-scale field
Aviation steel for domestic large aircraft (USA)
——Or the material problem, the purity of super strength steel is not enough
Key materials for fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (Japan)
——China's laboratory achievements have reached the international level, but mass production is consistent and cost control is difficult
"Heart" lithium ion batteries for new energy vehicles (USA, Japan, Korea)
——The United States is better than R & D and design, Japan is better than material production, and China and South Korea are the second echelon
High end welding power supply for deep-sea oil pipe welding of underwater robot (Northern Europe)
——China is the world's largest welding power manufacturing base, with a gap in deep-sea underwater welding equipment and full digital control technology
Submarine observation network system underwater connector (USA, Germany)
——As a matter of national security, China's technology research has started in the experimental prototype stage
Main bearing of full face TBM (Germany, Sweden)
——China has mastered the core technology of main bearing with a diameter of 3 meters, and going out of the laboratory is still restricted by material and process factors
High end bearing steel for mechanical equipment (USA, Sweden)
——China's shaft making technology has reached the advanced level, or the material gap
Aeronautical design software (France, USA)
——China and foreign countries started at the same time. The state needs to introduce policies to encourage the development and use of domestic software
High quality consumer capacitors and resistors (Japan)
——Short boards are still materials. Japanese MLCC products can have 1000 floors and Chinese products can have about 300 floors
Lithography machine (Netherlands, Japan) lithography machine lens (Germany)
——ASML's lens is Zeiss technology, the German ancestral mirror grinding technology, and the technical accumulation of polishing lens for hundreds of years; In addition to the lens, the lithography machine also needs top light source and extreme mechanical accuracy (30000 mechanical parts and more than 200 sensors)
Upstream high-end electronic chemicals such as photoresist for LCD (Japan)
——China can produce, but the key indicators are not advanced enough to get orders
Transmission electron microscope for freeze electron microscope (USA, Japan)
——The experimental technology used in the field of basic scientific research started very early in China. Because the market is too small, even Zeiss in Germany gave up
Iclip, a sharp tool for discovering potential targets of innovative drugs (USA)
——It is also a scientific research and experimental technology, a new technology born in 2010
Self developed operating system (USA)
——No country can successfully challenge the United States for the operating system of PC and smartphone
Industrial robot algorithm and software (Japan, Germany, Switzerland)
——Gap in the underlying core algorithm
Laser radar (laser) chip for example for automatic driving vehicle (Germany)
——Domestic lidar has a maximum of 40 lines, and foreign countries can achieve 64 or even 128 lines. The production process of high-resolution chip is not mature
Aeroengine airworthiness standard (US and Europe) civil high bypass ratio engine (US and UK)
——It should be supported by long-term industrial practice and verification technology
Nacelle of aeroengine (USA, France)
——The engine compartment and complex integrated system are in the blank stage in China
Profiling milling cutter head and blade for high speed rail maintenance and shaping (Germany, Austria)
——A kind of superhard alloy material is needed, and China is still in the apprenticeship stage
Core technology of high-end machine tool manufacturing, such as CNC system (Germany, Japan)
——Gaps in basic material science, technology and design; In addition to the controller, the main functional components of domestic machine tools such as lead screw, guide rail, servo motor, torque motor, motorized spindle and encoder mainly depend on foreign products
Diesel engine "heart" electronically controlled diesel high pressure common rail system (Germany, the United States and Japan)
——China can do it, but it's worse
High pressure plunger pump, the core component of high-end hydraulic equipment (USA, Germany, Japan)
——The gap in performance index lies in material manufacturing
Core technology of heavy gas turbine (USA, Japan, Germany, Italy)
——Material gap, such as blade material, due to the gap in equipment, craftsmanship and technology; Accumulation gap of basic research: design technology, core hot end component manufacturing technology
High end mobile phone RF devices, high-end filters, oscillators and other RF components (USA)
——There is a big gap in semiconductor materials, Chinese research is done early, and there are still many problems in mass production: consistency of materials and uniformity of electrical properties
Tactile sensor of industrial bionic robot (Japan)
——Production process, material purity is not qualified, and product consistency is relatively poor; Most domestic enterprises make gas, temperature and other types of sensors
High speed (≥ 25gbps) optical and electrical chips (USA)
——ZTE's sanctioned optical modules used in the field of optical communication, low-speed (≤ 10Gbps) optical chips and electrical chips have been made in China
High end CT detector (USA, Netherlands, Germany)
——The detector manufacturing process and material are confidential, and the medical imaging industry has been limited by U.S. patent barriers
After reading the above list and analysis, I believe everyone has a preliminary impression. Here is a summary:
The first commonality is that, except for a few gaps, most of China can not be made or replaced, but the self-made products are not good enough, and the mass production requirements of "fair competition with foreign products in the third country market" can not be met. In some areas, China has achieved the first overall, but the most high-end or special products are not good. These high-end "neck" technologies are put forward and analyzed today, which shows that made in China has indeed grown to a new stage.
The second commonality is that in addition to several high-end manufactured crowns and several of the most complex and sophisticated systems, most of the gap is mainly reflected in materials. An article on observer.com analyzed this problem: "materials science papers far surpass the United States, Japan and Germany, why the level of China's material industry is not good". There is a rule that when it comes to the field of top material manufacturing, a certain category, said to be a country, is actually mastered by only a few enterprises in the world.
The third commonality is that the top manufacturing industry = top design + system integration + precision manufacturing capacity. There are no countries that can take all three and cover the upstream and downstream of the industrial chain. China has been able to eat one or two of the three in many fields. For example, although Japan dominates the display materials, it cannot beat China and South Korea in the whole industry.
In addition, we can get some enlightenment.
1. Some fields that are temporarily difficult to catch up with, such as engines, operating systems, integrated circuit equipment, etc. (we can't master the core technology for drawings and codes), need more policy support and be prepared to fight a protracted war. These places also need to prevent the flicker of "independent intellectual property rights".
2. The processing of high-end components and key equipment are often in the hands of a very few well-known suppliers, mainly in Japan, the United States, Germany, Switzerland and other places. They are great craftsmen for decades or even centuries. China cannot and does not need to take all. As has been analyzed earlier, German Zeiss has a unique skill handed down by its ancestors. It doesn't do all kinds of scenes. It also depends on the market.
Of course, in key areas, China should catch up, make up for the shortcomings of material manufacturing, and have more layout (acquisition and other means are not excluded).
Creating patents, standards and brands is the boss's role. Apple can always choose the best suppliers. Similarly, when BOE rises to become an apple supplier, the Japanese material suppliers upstream of BOE are only working. Some people will certainly use the ZTE incident as an example, but the truth is the same as BOE. If we start from the upstream of the industrial chain step by step, we may never be able to make our own communication devices, smartphones and displays. International giants burn so much money in the chip industry that China can't catch up with, but international giants can't start from the upstream. The chips are designed and manufactured by themselves. One of the chip making equipment, the lithography machine, is also made by yourself. Besides the lens light source, there are 30000 mechanical parts and more than 200 sensors. Do you also make them by yourself? Does the material of a sensor have to worry about making its own neck?
China should have the ambition of a big country and a small country can rely on it. For a big country, it should be prevented from getting stuck, but the order of industrial development should not be wrong. After the rise of ZTE and Huawei, they have invested in research and development on chips. Lenovo's problem is not to make the whole machine first, but to invest too little in upstream core technology after the whole machine is bigger.
3. China has developed rapidly in the field of scientific research, but it is not comprehensive to just look at the papers. As mentioned earlier, Chinese materials science papers far surpass those of the United States, Japan and Germany, but more than half of the "neck" fields are materials problems, and the level of China's material industry is indeed backward. Using cryoelectron microscopy, Chinese scientists analyze a large number of protein structures and publish top journals, but we have to spend a lot of money on cryoelectron microscopy. The Nobel Prize is also awarded to foreign scientists who pioneered cryoelectron microscopy technology.
International competition pattern of various industries
A recent article said that the international competition pattern of various industries is divided into the following categories:
The first category is dominated by the United States (mainly chips and operating systems).
The second category is multinational competition. China is an important follower (the United States is not good at high-speed rail and semiconductor display).
The third category is multinational competition, with China as the leader (communication, high-speed railway, port machinery, civil UAV, digital security).
The fourth category is the two headed pattern between China and the United States (Internet and artificial intelligence).
The fifth category is created by China (only quantum communication).
The examples cited are not comprehensive. For example, the monopoly of the United States must also include many fields in biomedicine and aerospace. Therefore, the sentence in the article, "chip is the killer mace of the United States. We have only solved the problem of eating for more than 20 years, and we have reached the final level", may be too optimistic.
Quantum communication is classified as a separate category. In industry, China is currently initiated by one country and no country follows. However, there are great disputes and doubts. I'm afraid it still needs a longer observation on how far it can go.
Since quantum communication has been included, we might as well add a "quantum computing" where the United States occupies a monopoly. Although this direction also stays in the laboratory and has not developed any mature technology, it is indeed a direction in which many countries are in fierce competition.
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