"With the rapid development of China's market economy, the commodity circulation market is becoming more and more active. However, because China's legal system is not perfect and the market is not standardized, some criminals at home and abroad have formed a certain fake and Shoddy Commodity Market in order to make huge profits. Some high-tech products are also impacted by fake and shoddy products to varying degrees. This has seriously disturbed the social market economic order and hindered the healthy development of China's economy. At present, fake and shoddy products are still further spreading, and the quantity and scope are also expanding. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the rapid development of anti-counterfeiting technology and the formation of anti-counterfeiting industry. This is the need to develop the socialist market economy, expand opening-up, develop foreign trade and ensure the orderly development of the national economy, purify the market and safeguard the interests of enterprises and consumers. As an advanced automatic identification and data acquisition technology, RFID technology plays an important role in anti-counterfeiting, logistics and public security management, and is expected to become a pioneer in anti-counterfeiting, logistics and public security management in the future.
1、 Overview
RFID (radio frequency identification) is an automatic identification technology that uses electromagnetic induction, radio wave or microwave for contactless two-way communication to achieve the purpose of identification and exchange data. In 1948, Harry stockman published "communication by means of reflected power" in the Journal of the Institute of radio engineers, which laid the theoretical foundation of RFID technology. This technology began to appear in the mid-1980s, and with the maturity of large-scale integrated circuit technology, the volume of RFID system has been greatly reduced, so it has entered the practical stage. RFID can be classified as short-range wireless communication technology. Compared with other short-range wireless communication technologies WLAN, Bluetooth, infrared, ZigBee and UWB, the biggest difference is the passive working mode of RFID, that is, using reflected energy for communication.
1. Working principle of RFID system
RFID system consists of the following parts: ① electronic tag, which is composed of chip and tag antenna, communicates with reader through inductive coupling or electromagnetic backscatter principle. ② The reader / writer is a device for reading / writing label information. As a data acquisition terminal, the reader / writer also needs to exchange data with the middleware. ③ Antenna is a device that provides spatial propagation of RF signals for tags and readers. ④ Middleware is not only the link between RFID devices and enterprise applications, but also the core of RFID application system.
The working principle of RFID system is as follows: the information to be sent by the reader is encoded and loaded on the carrier signal of a certain frequency, and sent outward through the antenna. The electronic tag entering the working area of the reader receives the pulse signal. The relevant circuits in the chip in the card modulate, decode and decrypt the signal, and then judge the command request, password, authority, etc. If it is a read command, the control logic circuit reads the relevant information from the memory and sends it to the reader through the antenna in the card after encryption, coding and modulation. The reader demodulates, decodes and decrypts the received signal and sends it to the central information system for relevant data processing; If it is a write command to modify the information, the internal charge pump will increase the working voltage caused by the control logic, and the contents in eep-rom will be rewritten. If it is judged that the corresponding password and authority are inconsistent, an error message will be returned.
2. Advantages of RFID
Smart tag is also called RFID tag. It is a high-tech product in the tag field. Now it has played an important role in product packaging and will gradually replace the traditional product tag and bar code. Smart label is a rookie in the label field. It has the function of surpassing the traditional label. It is the crystallization of high and new technologies such as electronics and computers in label printing. RFID tag is a kind of smart tag. Table 1 compares RFID tags with magnetic cards, IC cards and traditional bar codes.
RFID tag has good comprehensive performance. Its advantages are mainly reflected in:
① Each RFID tag corresponds to a globally unique ID number. The ID number is written into the memory during the production of RFID tag. Once written, it cannot be modified and is not easy to copy.
② RFID tag and RFID reader are transmitted wirelessly, which can identify high-speed, moving and multi objects. Therefore, the tag can be read many times without any mechanical wear, and can be quickly read in batch by the reader.
③ RFID tag is a chip designed using large-scale integrated circuit technology. This kind of chip is technically difficult to design and manufacture, requires high requirements and large investment, so it has caused insurmountable obstacles to counterfeiters. At the same time, the combination of RFID technology and password technology also increases the cost of counterfeiters in terms of software decoding.
④ RFID tag reading has the outstanding characteristics of non-contact, strong adaptability to the environment, multiple tags can be read at the same time, fast reading speed and so on. Therefore, RFID anti-counterfeiting technology can be applied not only to valuable consumer products such as famous cigarettes and wines, but also to industrial, agricultural and transportation related products.
⑤ A natural advantage of RFID anti-counterfeiting is to combine logistics for anti-counterfeiting. By tracking the supply chain of products, combined with the management of distributed database, we can trace the source of products.
3. Development status of RFID technology at home and abroad
RFID technology developed earlier and faster abroad. Especially in the United States, Britain, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan and South Africa, there are relatively mature and advanced RFID systems. According to different classification of working frequency, RFID tags can be divided into low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), ultra-high frequency (UHF) and ultra-high frequency (SHF). Among them, low-frequency short-range RFID systems are mainly concentrated in 125kHz and 13.56MHz systems; High frequency long-distance RFID system is mainly concentrated in UHF band (902mhz-928mhz), 915MHz, 2.45GHz and 5.8GHz. UHF band long-distance RFID system has been well developed in North America; In Europe, active 2.45GHz system has been widely used. The 5.8GHz system has mature active RFID systems in Japan and Europe.
China has also developed rapidly in the research of RFID technology, and the market cultivation has begun to blossom and bear fruit. Typically, in the construction of China's railway vehicle number automatic identification system, a long-distance automatic identification system with independent intellectual property rights has been launched. After years of field operation test, the railway vehicle number automatic identification system project was fully put into construction in 1999. After about two years of construction and trial operation, the automatic identification system project of railway vehicle number has played a system design function, fulfilled the dream of railway people, and its radiation and penetration into other applications are becoming more and more obvious. In the application of short-range RFID, many cities have realized the application of bus RF card as prepaid electronic ticket, prepaid electronic meal card and so on. In terms of RFID technology research and product development, China has the technical ability and system integration ability to independently develop low-frequency, high-frequency and microwave RFID electronic tags and readers. The gap with foreign advanced RFID technology is mainly reflected in RFID chip technology. Nevertheless, in terms of label chip design and development, many successful low-frequency RFID system label chips have been put on the market in China.
2、 Application of RFID Technology
Because of its unique advantages, RFID smart tags are widely used in anti-counterfeiting, logistics, public management and so on.
1. Application of RFID technology in anti-counterfeiting
① Document anti-counterfeiting. At present, RFID tags can be embedded in the standard passport cover or certificate in terms of passport anti-counterfeiting and E-wallet. Its chip also provides security function and supports hardware encryption, which is in line with the international standard of iso14443. China has also formed a considerable scale of application in this field, and the promotion and application of second-generation ID card is a typical representative in this regard.
② Ticket security. RFID technology is urgently needed in some fields. For example, in places with a large flow of people such as railway stations, subways and tourist attractions, RFID electronic tickets are used to replace traditional manual tickets to improve efficiency, or RFID technology is used to prevent counterfeiting of tickets in occasions with large ticket volume such as competitions and performances. This not only eliminates the need for manual identification and realizes the rapid passage of personnel, but also identifies the number of times tickets are used to prevent tickets from being stolen and handed out for reuse, so as to achieve "number anti-counterfeiting".
2. Application of RFID technology in railway safety tracking
Traditional railway freight transportation can no longer meet the needs of modern logistics development. It must develop to the modern logistics industry that provides transportation, storage, packaging, distribution, circulation, processing, information processing and other services.
The railway transportation management information system (TMIS) not only covers each competent business department of the Railway Bureau of the Ministry of railways, but also covers all grass-roots stations and sections of the whole road, which is connected through the railway computer network. It is "the most complex and huge transportation management system of railway in the world", which can track and manage railway freight cars, locomotives, trains and containers; Computer management can be carried out for main stations and sections of the whole road; It can compile and manage the transportation dispatching and daily transportation plan of the Ministry of Railways and railway bureaus by computer; Covering the whole process of railway transportation and production, it is the core system of railway informatization. It is composed of several subsystems, mainly including transportation statistical analysis, transportation dispatching management, comprehensive station management, confirmation information management, freight ticket information management, freight sales and technical plan, large node freight car tracking management, vehicle number automatic identification system, highly toxic product safety tracking system Container tracking management, truck usage fee settlement.
Among them, automatic train number identification (ATIS) is an important part of TMIS and the most successful application case of RFID in China. ATIS accurately identifies the running train and vehicle information by installing electronic labels on all locomotives and freight cars and installing ground identification equipment in all section stations, marshalling stations, large freight stations and boundary stations, so as to establish a computer automatic report and acquisition system for railway train number, locomotive and freight car number, identification, attribute and location. It can timely and accurately collect train number, train number and arrival and departure information, accelerate the tracking management of freight cars, locomotives, trains and containers, meet the needs of TMIS and other management systems for basic information such as trains and vehicles, and finally realize the modernization of transportation operation management, networking and resource sharing. As the information source of TMIS, ATIS plays an extremely important role in improving the utilization rate of railway locomotives and vehicles, improving the efficiency of railway transportation and the modernization level of transportation management in China.
3. Application of RFID technology in public security
In the fields of food and medicine related to people's health and life safety, the birth of RFID technology is of great significance. At present, the application of RFID technology in the pharmaceutical industry is mainly reflected in: anti-counterfeiting measures of drugs; Prevent medication errors and irrational medication; Identification and tracking of patients; Recall of problematic drugs; Tracking documents, test tubes, vials or specimens; Tracking of medical devices and medical equipment.
RFID smart tags can help manufacturers and consumers timely understand the inventory, circulation and quality of goods, and play a great role in monitoring the status and position of their products in the supply chain. For example, many food and drug packages must be stored and transported at a specific temperature and low pollution environment. General labels cannot understand and monitor the temperature and nature of products stored, while smart labels can timely monitor the temperature of perishable products sensitive to temperature requirements during product storage and transportation. With special chips, antennas and sensors, they measure the temperature during storage and transportation and warn manufacturers to prevent the impact of temperature changes on products, Judge product sales by checking product inventory data. In addition, smart tag RFID improves the anti-counterfeiting effect of traditional tags, especially in drug packaging, its anti-counterfeiting function has greatly exceeded the traditional bar code. This effectively ensures public safety.
3、 Problems faced by RFID Technology
1. Immature technology
RFID is a promising industry, but its promotion needs the firmness and maturity of the following steps: standard formulation, chip design and manufacturing technology, antenna design and manufacturing technology, chip packaging technology, read-write equipment development and production technology, system integration and data management software platform, application system development, production and manufacturing technology, etc. The most potential UHF band does not support many devices in the market, and RFID signals are easy to be blocked by objects. These are technical challenges.
2. The cost remains high
This is the most fatal disadvantage of RFID at present. The production cost of RFID tag alone (printing cost accounts for the main proportion) in Japan reaches more than ten yuan, while the unit cost of bar code tag is only 0.1 yuan. At present, the annual demand of RFID tags in the world is about 10 million pieces, and the price can be reduced to 2 cents only after the demand exceeds 5 billion pieces. Christopher, President of tag istics, Wal Mart's RFID technology partner, said that the price of an RFID system (including project implementation) in the United States is generally about $2.5 million, and the price of a large system is much higher. In recent years, China Railway Express has been constantly testing the effect of RFID system and piloting it in a small scale. Finally, it was found that the investment is too large for an enterprise to bear this part of the investment alone.
3. Inconsistent standards
At present, there are mainly the following three standards: international standards, European and American EPC standards and Japanese ubiquitousid. Among them, the role of auto idcenter non-profit organization initiated by MIT in standardizing RFID applications will become more and more obvious. Based on the research on RFID theory, technology and application, the main contributions made by auto idcenter are as follows:
① The concept of electronic product code (EPC) and its format planning are proposed. It lays a foundation for reducing the functional design of electronic tag chip, reducing the cost of electronic tag and expanding the application field of RFID.
② The concept and framework of physical Internet are proposed, which builds a bridge for EPC to enter the Internet.
③ An open international public technology research platform for the application of automatic identification technology has been established, which creates conditions for promoting the standardization research of low-cost RFID tags and readers.
However, due to the lack of unified technical standards for RFID, the current technology can not ensure the compatibility of all tags and readers. Therefore, in the warehouse where RFID is expected to be applied, more than one reader may be required to deal with different tags from different hardware manufacturers and suppliers respectively.
4. Security issues
Because RFID will eventually be connected to the Internet, it involves the same so-called security issues as credit cards.
5. Privacy issues
RFID can rely on tags for tracking. After a person buys wine, he can know the owner's behavior by tracking the tags on the wine bottle
Our other product:
