How to make LCD?

Making an LCD is much more complicated than making a piece of liquid crystal. The conditions required to manufacture LCD are:

Light is polarized. (See the content about polarization in the general view of sunglasses.)
Liquid crystals can transmit and change polarized light.
The structure of the liquid crystal can be changed according to the current.
There are transparent substances that can conduct electricity.
The LCD device cleverly utilizes these four conditions.

Two polarizing glass plates are required to manufacture an LCD. There is a special polymer that can make fine grooves on the surface of the object. This polymer is rubbed on the side of the glass that has no polarizing film. The groove must be in the same direction as the polarizing film. Then add a layer of nematic liquid crystal on a filter. The groove makes the orientation of the first layer of molecules in the liquid crystal and the direction of the filter the same. Next, add a second piece of glass so that the direction of the polarizing film is at right angles to the direction of the polarizing film of the first piece of glass. Therefore, each subsequent layer of nematic molecules will be twisted by an angle until the top layer and the bottom layer are different by 90°, which coincides with the polarized glass filter.

When light hits the first filter, it is polarized. Each layer of molecules will lead the light they receive to the next layer. When light passes through each layer of the liquid crystal, the corresponding molecule also changes the polarization plane of the light to match the angle of the molecule's own direction. When the light reaches the far end of the liquid crystal material, its polarization direction is the same as the angle of the last layer of molecules. If the direction of the last layer of liquid crystal matches the direction of the second polarizing glass filter, light can pass through.

If we add charge to the liquid crystal molecules, their distortion will be eliminated. The straightened liquid crystal molecules change the angle at which light passes through them, so that the direction of the light no longer matches the direction of the top polarizing filter. Therefore, no light can pass through this specific area on the LCD, which is darker than the surrounding area.

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