Electronic technology has penetrated into various fields such as industry, agriculture, science and technology and national defense. Astronautics, satellites, communications, radio and television, electronic computers, automatic control, electronic medical equipment and our daily lives are inseparable from electronic technology. Technologies such as laser, optical fiber, and optical disk storage, which developed rapidly in the second half of the 20th century, and the optoelectronic technology formed by combining with electronic technology have become an important technological foundation for the information society. Especially after the world enters the 21st century in the information age, electronic technology as one of the foundations of information technology development will inevitably develop rapidly with the progress of microelectronics, optoelectronics, and other high-tech technologies, and its application fields will be more extensive, which will bring mankind. Come to a new way of working and lifestyle.
Electronic technology is the science and technology of studying electronic devices, electronic circuits and their applications. Electronic devices are used to realize the functions of signal generation, amplification, modulation and detection. Common electronic devices include electron tubes, transistors and integrated circuits. Electronic circuit is the basic unit of electronic equipment, composed of electronic components and electronic devices such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, etc., and has certain specific functions.
The development history of electronic technology
Electronic technology, especially microelectronic technology, is the most rapid and influential technological achievement in the 20th century. The core of electronic technology is electronic devices. The progress and replacement of electronic devices have caused great changes in electronic circuits, and many new circuits and applications have appeared. Therefore, the development history of electronic technology can also be said to be the history of continuous updating of electronic devices.
The invention of the cathode ray tube by Hittorf and Crookes in 1869 should be the starting point of the history of electronic technology development. In November 1904, John Fleming of the University of London in the United Kingdom invented the vacuum electronic diode, which is a device that uses the law of movement of electrons in an electric field to achieve unidirectional conduction under vacuum conditions. The birth of the electron tube is the starting point of human electronic civilization. At that time, Marconi in Italy had invented the radio (1901), so diodes were immediately used in radio detection and rectification.
In 1906, Lee DeForest in the United States invented a vacuum electronic triode (electronic tube for short) that can amplify electronic signals. This invention is a milestone in the history of electronic technology. He himself is called the "father of radio" because of his invention of the triode. Since then, people have found a way to amplify electrical signals, making long-distance radio communication possible. With the rapid development of radio technology, the electronics industry began to take shape.
From 1926 to 1936, with the establishment of quantum mechanics and the development of quantum field theory, not only the understanding of semiconductors gradually deepened, but also the scientific foundation for the development of microelectronics and optoelectronics technology and information technology was laid. Electronics magazine was published in 1930, and a new term and a new industry have appeared since then. Electronics is an engineering field and industry that uses electronic devices in circuits and systems. In the first half of the 20th century, vacuum tubes played a leading role in electronics. In the late 1930s, early semiconductor devices had been produced in the laboratory.
In the nearly half a century before the invention of the transistor, the electron tube was almost the only electronic device available in various electronic devices. Many subsequent achievements of electronic technology, such as the invention of television, radar, and computers, are inseparable from electronic tubes. However, electronic tubes have limitations in terms of volume, weight, power consumption, and life span, which are far from meeting the military's requirements for portability and efficiency. Researchers John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain from Bell Labs in the United States collaborated on the theory and fabrication of transistors. At the end of 1947, they used germanium semiconductor crystals to make the first point-contact transistor with current and voltage amplification functions. This is another epoch-making major invention in the history of electronic science and technology. Since then, it has opened the curtain of the electronic technology revolution, and has provided an important physical foundation for the integration and digitization of electronic circuits.
The initial transistors were of point-contact type, which was difficult to manufacture and had poor stability. In 1957, Bell Labs researchers invented the surface-contact transistor, pushing electronic technology to a new stage. Since then, many achievements in electronic technology, such as integrated circuits, microprocessors, and microcomputers, are all developed from transistors. After the emergence of transistors, they quickly replaced electron tubes in many technical fields. At present, they are only used in display devices (such as picture tubes in televisions and computer monitors, oscilloscope tubes in some electronic instruments, etc.). Electric vacuum device.
In 1958, Texas Instruments (Texas Instruments) announced the advent of an integrated oscillator. For the first time, transistors, resistors, capacitors, etc. were integrated on a silicon chip to form a basically complete monolithic functional circuit. In 1961, Fairchild Semiconductor Inc. announced that it would make an integrated trigger. Since then, integrated circuits have developed rapidly. The so-called integrated circuit is to make semiconductor tubes, resistors, capacitors, etc. on the same silicon chip, packaged as a device with multiple lead terminals, which can be independently or in conjunction with a few other components to complete some or some The function realizes the three-in-one of materials, components and circuits, which is quite different from the traditional discrete component circuits in design methods, structural forms and production methods. The invention of the integrated circuit created a new situation of integrating electronic devices with certain electronic components, which changed the concept of traditional electronic devices. This new type of packaged device is very small in size and power consumption, has an independent circuit function, and even has a system function. The invention of the integrated circuit brought the electronic technology into the period of microelectronic technology, which was a major leap in the development of electronic technology. Over the past few decades, integrated circuits have gone from small-scale integration to medium-scale, large-scale, and ultra-large-scale integration, and are developing towards an extremely large-scale integration stage. Moore's Law, which describes the development speed of integrated circuits, believes that the degree of integration doubles every 18 months, and the price drops to one and a half of the original.
In the 21st century, mankind has entered the Internet era. Ultra-high-speed computers, mobile communications, and digital audio-visual products will completely change the structure, feature size and performance of electronic components. Discrete components in the traditional sense will be replaced by ultra-micro, chip, modular, digital, multi-functional, intelligent, green, high-frequency, high-speed, high-reliability, and low-power composite devices. This requires the core device-the chip must have strong data storage and processing capabilities. Modern "Bluetooth chip" technology uses the integration of this system function on a chip to reduce the number of chips from 5 to 1. Integrating signal processor, microprocessor, telephone receiver analog/digital converter, speaker and decoder, it has completed the transformation from IC (Integrated Circuits) to IS (Information System).
In the information age, a product determines its added value based on its information content and its ability to process information, thereby determining its position in the division of labor in the international market. Even the upgrading of home appliances is based on the progress of microelectronics technology. Electronic equipment, including mechanical devices, its dexterity is directly related to its high added value and market competitiveness. These aspects all depend on the degree of "intelligence" and the degree of use of integrated circuit chips. The development of computers can fully illustrate the relationship between the development of electronic technology and the information industry. From the initial mechanical hand-cranked computer, with the development of electronic devices, it has gone through the four eras of electron tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, and large-scale and very large-scale integrated circuits. The rapid development of electronic computers fully represents the level of electronic technology, and there is no large-scale And very large-scale integrated circuits, computers cannot be popularized quickly. At the same time, the development of computers has greatly promoted the development of electronic technology.
To sum up, the development of electronic technology is driven by the needs of the information industry market (such as telecommunications, radio, television, and computers), and the development of electronic technology, the improvement of information industry equipment and technology, has in turn promoted The expansion of the information industry market has formed a virtuous circle. The 21st century is the information age. Information technology will realize the combination of microelectronics and optoelectronics in the aspects of information resources, information processing and information transmission. The combination of intelligent computing, cognition and brain science will create a new generation of electronic components in the future. As the basis for the development of the electronic information industry, the electronic component industry will face a century of change. Relying on technological innovation, keeping abreast of the high-tech pulse of the times, accelerating the transformation and improvement of the electronic component industry, adapting and promoting the development of my country's information industry Supporting the informatization of the national economy is the sacred historical mission of my country's electronic components industry, and it is also the only way to accurately position in the world's electronic components industry and to occupy a place in economic globalization.
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